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Photovoltaic inverter&energy storage topology disassembly!
Author.
LCS
Source:
Post time:
2026-01-14
Inverters are key devices that convert direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC), and their topology varies depending on power, efficiency, cost, and application scenarios. If isolation is not required for the front-end DC/DC section, BOOST circuit is commonly used; If isolation is required, phase shifted full bridge, LLC and other topologies can be used. The DC/AC section in the later stage often adopts a buck topology, which is combined with sine wave modulation to achieve AC output. Here are several common topologies:
Half bridge inverter
The structure is simple, consisting of two switching tubes and two capacitors, and the output AC voltage amplitude is half of the input voltage. Suitable for low-power scenarios such as small appliances and LED drivers, but with high harmonic content.
Full bridge inverter
The bridge arm is composed of four switching tubes, and the output voltage amplitude can reach the input DC voltage. It supports PWM modulation and is commonly used in small and medium power applications such as photovoltaic grid connection and UPS.
Three phase bridge inverter
Six switch tubes are used to output three-phase AC power, suitable for industrial motor drive and new energy generation systems. SVPWM modulation is commonly used to improve efficiency.
Multi level inverter
Reduce harmonics and filter requirements by increasing the number of output levels. Common types include diode clamp type (NPC), flying capacitor type, and cascaded H-bridge type, which are suitable for high-voltage and high-power scenarios.
Push pull inverter
Equipped with a center tap transformer to achieve electrical isolation, the switch tube voltage stress is twice the input voltage, commonly used in off grid solar energy systems and vehicle inverters.
Z-source inverter
Integrated impedance network, allowing for straight through state and enhancing voltage flexibility, suitable for scenarios with large input voltage fluctuations such as photovoltaics.
Common topological structures of single-phase inverters
Three phase inverter topology structure
Key topology analysis
In practical projects, one often comes into contact with three-level and HERIC topologies. The following is an explanation:
Three level I-type structure
One of the earliest proposed three-level topologies, which distributes voltage through two intermediate voltage points (neutral points) and has strong redundancy control and neutral point balancing capabilities, is suitable for 1500V high-voltage photovoltaic systems.
Three level T-shaped structure
On the basis of Type I optimization, a T-shaped clamp switch is introduced, which has lower conduction and switching losses, higher efficiency, and more compact size, suitable for high-frequency application scenarios.
HERIC topology
Adding two switching tubes and diodes to the traditional full bridge to form an AC bypass can effectively suppress common mode leakage current, with soft switching characteristics and peak efficiency of over 99%. It is widely used in single-phase photovoltaic inverters.
Topology of energy storage battery side
In the photovoltaic hybrid system, bidirectional DC/DC is the core to achieve battery charging and discharging. According to the system power and voltage level, different topologies can be selected:
Low voltage 48V battery solutions are commonly used in low-power or single-phase systems.
High power or three-phase systems often use 400V or 800V high-voltage battery solutions.
Common topologies include active clamp current type bridge converters, dual active bridge (DAB), and CLLC resonant converters, which balance high efficiency and bidirectional energy flow requirements.
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