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Electrical clearance

The structure of the appliance should ensure that the electrical clearance is sufficient to withstand the electrical stress that the appliance may experience. Determine whether it is qualified through the requirements and tests of 29.1.

According to electrical safety standards such as IEC 60335-1 or GB 4706.1, electrical clearance refers to the shortest distance measured by air between two conductive components. The design of electrical clearances must ensure that they can withstand the electrical stresses that appliances may encounter during normal use. The following is a specific explanation and testing method for this requirement:

 

1. Definition of electrical clearance

Electrical clearance refers to the shortest distance through air between two conductive components, used to prevent electrical breakdown or arc discharge.

 

2. Sources of electrical stress

The electrical stresses that electrical clearances may withstand include:

Working voltage: The voltage applied by an appliance during normal operation.

Transient overvoltage: Transient high voltage caused by switch operation, lightning strikes, etc.

Pollution level: Dust, moisture, etc. in the environment may reduce the insulation performance of electrical clearances.

 

3. Structural design requirements

To ensure that the electrical clearance can withstand electrical stress, the design must meet the following requirements:

Adequate distance: Ensure that the electrical clearance meets the standard requirements based on the rated voltage and pollution level.

Reasonable layout: Avoid too small spacing between conductive components, especially in high voltage areas.

Pollution prevention: The design should prevent the influence of dust, moisture, etc. on electrical clearances.

 

4. Testing requirements (according to clause 29.1)

Verify whether the electrical clearance meets the requirements through the following tests:

4.1 Electrical clearance measurement

Testing method:

Measure the shortest distance between two conductive components using measuring tools such as calipers and microscopes.

Ensure that the measured values meet the electrical clearance requirements specified in the standard.

Qualification criteria:

The measured value should be greater than or equal to the minimum electrical clearance specified in the standard.

4.2 Electrical Strength Test

Testing method:

Apply the specified test voltage on the electrical gap (usually twice the rated voltage+1000V, or according to specific requirements of the standard).

The test voltage lasts for 1 minute.

Qualification criteria:

No breakdown or flashover should occur.

The leakage current should be within the allowable range.

4.3 Transient Overvoltage Test

Testing method:

Simulate the impact of transient overvoltage (such as lightning strikes, switch operations) on electrical clearances.

Qualification criteria:

The electrical gap should be able to withstand transient overvoltage without breakdown.

4.4 Pollution level assessment

Testing method:

Determine the pollution level based on the usage environment (such as pollution levels 1, 2, 3).

Evaluate the insulation performance of electrical clearances in polluted environments.

Qualification criteria:

The electrical clearance should meet the requirements of the corresponding pollution level.

 

5. Standard reference

IEC 60335-1: Safety requirements for household and similar electrical appliances.

GB 4706.1: Chinese National Standard, equivalent to IEC 60335-1.

UL 60335-1: American standard, applicable to the North American market.

 

6. Calculation of electrical clearance

The minimum value of electrical clearance is usually determined based on the following factors:

Rated voltage: The higher the voltage, the greater the required electrical clearance.

Pollution level: The higher the pollution level, the greater the required electrical clearance.

Insulation type: The requirements for basic insulation, additional insulation, or reinforced insulation vary.

 

7. Testing equipment

Measuring tools: such as calipers and microscopes, used to measure electrical clearances.

Electrical strength tester: used to apply high voltage and detect breakdown or leakage current.

Transient overvoltage generator: used to simulate transient overvoltage.

 

8. Other relevant requirements

Creepage distance: Similar to electrical clearance, but refers to the shortest distance along the insulation surface, which must meet the requirements at the same time.

Double insulation or reinforced insulation: For Class II appliances, electrical clearances and creepage distances must meet the requirements of double insulation or reinforced insulation.

Through the above tests and evaluations, it can be ensured that the design of electrical clearances can withstand electrical stress, thereby ensuring the safety and reliability of the equipment.

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